The Break-Even Formula
Break-Even Units = Fixed Costs ÷ (Price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit)
The denominator, Price − Variable Cost, is called the contribution margin — the amount each unit sold contributes toward covering fixed costs, after covering its own variable cost.
Fixed vs. Variable Costs
- Fixed costs: Stay constant regardless of sales volume — rent, salaries, insurance, loan payments
- Variable costs: Scale directly with each unit produced or sold — raw materials, packaging, per-unit shipping
Why Break-Even Analysis Matters
Knowing your break-even point helps you set realistic sales targets, evaluate pricing strategy, and understand how sensitive your profitability is to changes in costs or pricing — a small price increase can substantially lower your break-even point.